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William Commanda
William Commanda OC (November 11, 1913 – August 3, 2011) (Algonquin name: ''Ojshigkwanàng'', normally written ''Ojigkwanong'', meaning "Morning Star") was an Algonquin elder, spiritual leader, and promoter of environmental stewardship. Commanda served as Band Chief of the Kitigàn-zìbì Anishinàbeg First Nation near Maniwaki, Quebec, from 1951 to 1970. In his life, he worked as a guide, a trapper and woodsman, and was a skilled craftsman and artisan who excelled at constructing birch bark canoes.〔 He was Keeper of several Algonquin wampum shell belts, which held records of prophecies, history, treaties and agreements. In 2008 he received the Order of Canada.〔(William Commanda, Algonquin spiritual leader, dead at 97 ), Montreal Gazette, August 3, 2011〕
==Early life==
Commanda was born on November 11, 1913 in Kitigàn-zìbì, Quebec to Alonzo and Marie Commanda. His Algonquin name Ojigkwanong (meaning "Morning Star," or more literally "he expels a star") came about as his mother looked out the window of the family's log cabin and saw the morning star shining.〔〔http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Archival+story+Morning+Star+rise/5200089/story.html〕 Commanda had several notable ancestors, including his grandfather Chief Louizon Commanda,〔 and his great-grandfather Chief Pakinawatik,〔 who in 1854 led his people from Oka, Quebec to Kitigàn-zìbì. Commanda was baptized in a Catholic church eight days after his birth.〔
His youth was spent in severe poverty and difficulty on the reserve. On one occasion he resorted to hiding in the bush in order to avoided the Canadian Indian residential school system.〔 The Commandas' seven children frequently went hungry, and sources of income were infrequent.〔 For work, William became a master birchbark canoe maker, and also worked in lumber camps.〔 His health, weakened from his years living in poverty, finally began to improve in 1961.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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